Collection and conveyance

Moving wastewater from its source to the plant.

Primary treatment

• Screening, neutralisation, equalisation
• Flocculation, coagulation, electro-coagulation
• Lime-soda process
• Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

Secondary treatment

• Anaerobic processes
  • UASBR and HUASBR
  • ASBR
  • Anaerobic filter
  • Sludge digester
• Activated sludge and variants
  • SBR
  • MBBR
  • Fluidised bed biological reactor (FBBR)
  • Fluidised media reactor (FMR)
  • Submerged aerobic fixed film (SAFF)
  • MBR

Tertiary treatment

• Filtration
• Disinfection by chlorination, UV or ozonation

Zero liquid discharge

• Micro, ultra and nano filtration
• Reverse osmosis
• Electrodialysis
• Multiple-effect evaporation
• Crystallisation